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...careers proposed by Holland (1985, 1997) characterized persons and environments as a single set of six types. According to Holland (1985), most people in our culture can be classified as one of the six dominant types (Realistic [R], Investigative [I], Artistic [A], Social [S], Enterprising [E], Conventional [C]). Thus an individual's personality (i.e., interests, values, abilities, fantasies) can be assessed by considering his or her three most dominant types. Workers are motivated to seek out work environments that complement their dominant personality types, thereby maximizing the chances of individual satisfaction and well-being. Holland (1997) advocated the use of three-letter codes to identify occupations consistent with a worker's personality type.
In Holland's typology, both personality and environment are expressed in three-letter codes. A three-letter code is formed by selecting, from Holland's six types, the three types that most closely characterize the person or his or her work-school environment. The three-letter code provides a brief summary of what a person is like by showing the degree of resemblance to three occupational groups. For example, the three-letter code of CER suggests that the person has a dominant Conventional personality but also possesses the Enterprising and Realistic characteristics to a somewhat lesser degree. Extensive descriptions of six types can by found in Holland (1997).
A vast number of career instruments are currently available to assess a client's three-letter code, most notably the Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland, 1994). The Internet, however, has added immeasurably to this list of available instruments. And while the advancements to testing because of the Internet could improve assessment effectiveness, various unintended negative consequences may also occur, such as increased availability of tests with questionable validity and reliability (Sampson, 2000). For example, Oliver and Zack (1999) examined 24 no-cost career assessment Web sites and encountered numerous limitations among the sites. They...
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