...inner components logic are available for inspection ... sometimes known as a white box, a glass box or a clear box. Source: www.Wikipedia.org.

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Surveying is an activity that involves the science of measurement; thus, understanding the theories of mathematics and physics that undergird the measurements is fundamental. Surveyors sometimes nod and talk about how difficult it is to understand the inside workings of a GPS receiver.

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They correctly see GPS as a potential black box. But they often fail to see that almost everything they use today that involves electronics, microprocessors and software is a potential black box.

A black box can be a simple total station or a top-of-the-line robotic, reflectorless...

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