...connecting multiple narratives reading paths. The reader hopscotches across pages and points of view, layers of footnotes and different fonts, decoding a novel that relishes a print fetish while revealing how literature and its readers encounter and evolve in relation to digital media. The book reaches beyond its bindings to a network of multimedia instantiations that collectively and collaboratively produce its multilayered narrative. The book House of Leaves is the central node in a network of multimedia, multiauthored forms that collectively comprise its narrative: the House of Leaves website (www.houseofleaves.com), The Whalestoe Letters (an accompanying book by Danielewski containing a section from the novel's Appendix), and the musical album Haunted by the author's sister, the recording artist Poe. (1) The novel was published to exist in relation to these entities, all of which were published in 2000. House of Leaves participates in a feedback loop with these works: the multimedia entities spring from, feed off, and filter back into the novel through references and clues that illuminate its narrative.

Katherine Hayles identifies House of Leaves as an example of a "Work as Assemblage, a cluster of related texts that quote, comment upon, amplify, and remediate one another." (2) Such assemblages, she rightly argues, challenge and expand the concept of the literary work. House of Leaves does this by presenting a paradox: it is a print novel for the digital age, a book that privileges print while plugging into the digital network. The novel is acutely aware of its location within the contemporary "discourse network," a system Friedrich Kittler identifies as "the network of technologies and institutions that allow a given culture to select, store, and produce relevant data." (3) House of Leaves aestheticizes and enacts this concept: it is a networked novel that connects up with the contemporary "discourse network" of the Internet. (4) I read House of Leaves across its multimedia network to show how the novel uses its assemblaged narrative to teach the reader to engage with a contemporary print novel that is distributed across the digital network. On her website, Poe articulates the relationship between her album and her brother's novel: "'House of Leaves' is one thing. 'Haunted' is another. Together they are something quite different." (5) It is this third "thing" that interests me: the connections across and between media forms that forge a networked aesthetic, foster new reading strategies, and foreground the importance of House of Leaves as a print novel for a digital age.

Written in the age of the Internet boom and crash and published in 2000, House of Leaves reflects and refracts its digital environment in its print pages. Formally, the novel is structured as a hypertext, a system of interconnected narratives woven together through hundreds of footnotes. Every appearance of the word "house" is blue, the color of an active hyperlink on the Internet. (6) These colored signifiers are textual acts of "remediation," the term Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin use to describe how older media, such as books, "refashion themselves to answer the challenges of new media." (7) Besides imitating the interface and navigation structure of the Web, House of Leaves positions itself as a node on the information network before its narrative even begins. Beneath the copyright and publisher's information is the web address for the official House of Leaves website: www.houseofleaves.com. Sharing the title of the novel and its publication date, the website is its fraternal twin. On the book's back cover is a red circular icon surrounded by text that prompts the reader to "listen to the house ... 'HAUNTED' the new CD from Poe on Atlantic Records. www.p-o-e.com." The text identifies "the house" from the novel as distributed across media forms and prompts the reader to pursue these connections between book, website, and album. In this way, House of Leaves not only mimics the Internet's infrastructure, it actually links up to it through the URLs on its covers.

These hyperlinks join the book's bound body to a real-time component that updates and actualizes for a digitally literate readership what J. Paul Hunter identifies as a central feature of the novel genre--the "present-centered form of narrative" that prompts the novel to maintain its hold on the new by incorporating emergent narrative and media forms. (8) Similarly, Bakhtin maintains that it is the novel's constant, conscious relationship to and incorporation of emergent forms that is "the most important thing--the novel inserts into these other genres an indeterminacy, a certain semantic openendedness, a living contact with the unfinished, still-evolving contemporary reality (the openended present)." (9) House of Leaves engages with the digital, even linking up with the "openended" Internet, in order to maintain its status as a novel by pushing the genre towards further transformation. Katherine Hayles and Mark B. N. Hansen both identify House of Leaves as an innovative realist novel that describes the horror of a very real shift in ontological reference (Hansen) and subject formation (Hayles) due to the influence of digital technologies. (10) The real effects of the digital are evident both in the pages of the novel, its narrative content, and its connection to the multimedia network of which it is the central node. Reading across the neighborhood that houses it shows how House of Leaves forges a way for the print novel to remain "novel" in the digital age.

House of Leaves is a layered narrative with multiple narrators, and it uses an elaborate visual vocabulary for its hypertextual heteroglossia. In so doing, it reminds the reader that the book is a material object constructed collaboratively by multiple authors and transcription technologies, and, moreover, that its final product is deeply invested and intertwined with these circuits of production. The novel is comprised of an extensive narration of a film by a blind man, Zampano, who dictates his critical commentary about the (fictional) documentary film "The Navidson Record" by the Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer Will Navidson. (11) The film chronicles Navidson and his family's horrifying travails living in a house whose insides grow larger than its frame; the house's hallway mutates into a cavernous labyrinth that devours sound, light, direction, and human beings. Zampano's ekphrasis of the film incorporates analysis from real and imagined literary critics and scientists. After Zampano's enigmatic death, his scholarly manuscript, The Navidson Record, is discovered by Johnny Truant. Truant is a psychologically scarred but highly literary misfit who encounters Zampano's text as a collection of multimedia scraps: "Endless snarls of words ... on old napkins, the tattered edges of an envelope ... legible, illegible; impenetrable, lucid; torn, stained, scotch-taped" (xvii). (12) Truant pieces together these discrete fragments and weaves in his own narrative layer through a set of footnotes that describe his hyperactive sex life, traumatic childhood, and devastating experience editing Zampano's text. Truant's version of The Navidson Record is then edited by the corporate (also fictional) entity, "The Editors," whose presence is noted by the monosyllabic "-Ed." Proceeding in an objective tone that contrasts with Truant's highly emotive commentary, the Ed. produce an additional set of footnotes that demarcate emendations to the text or acknowledge missing information. Each of these narrative voices is identified by a different font and is associated with a specific medium: Zampano's academic commentary appears in Times Roman, the font associated with newspapers and the linotype; Truant's footnotes are in Courier, imitate a typewriter's inscription, and thematically identify him as the middleman, the "courier" of the manuscript; the terse notations from the Ed. are aptly presented in Bookman. House of Leaves internalizes and aestheticizes Pierre Bourdieu's argument that we should approach works of art with an "understanding [of] works of art as a manifestation of the field as a whole." (13) The novel depicts artistic creation (the description of Navidson's artistic choices and cinematic effects), publication (footnotes discussing editorial changes and publication plans), and criticism (The Navidson Record is full of quotations from critical commentaries on Navidson's film). House of Leaves situates the work in its field of production and promotes a reading practice that focuses awareness on the fact that in our contemporary...

NOTE: All illustrations and photos have been removed from this article.



Looking for additional articles?
Search our database of over 3 million articles.

Looking for more in-depth information on this industry?
Search our complete database of Industry & Market reports by text, subject, publication name or publication date.

About Goliath
Whether you're looking for sales prospects, competitive information, company analysis or best practices in managing your organization, Goliath can help you meet your business needs.

Our extensive business information databases empower business professionals with both the breadth and depth of credible, authoritative information they need to support their business goals. Whether it be strategic planning, sales prospecting, company research or defining management best practices - Goliath is your leading source for accurate information.