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The role of sampling in qualitative research.

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Abstract

Many qualitative researchers state that sample size and sampling are not issues in qualitative research. However, we argue that making sampling and sample size considerations is central to qualitative research. First, we refute arguments made by qualitative researchers who claim that sampling and sample size considerations are not relevant. Second, we contend that sampling represents a multidimensional construct. Third, we posit that most qualitative studies involve some type of analytical generalization. Thus, choosing a sample size and sampling scheme represent an active process of reflection.

In quantitative research, sample size and sampling considerations usually are made with the goal of making statistical generalizations, which involve generalizing findings and inferences from a representative statistical sample to the population from which the sample was drawn. Conversely, because most qualitative research does not involve making statistical generalizations, many qualitative researchers state that sample size and sampling are not issues in qualitative research and that sampling does not explain what is undertaken in qualitative inquiries (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, in press-d). These beliefs have been echoed by many members of a leading qualitative research listserv that has a membership of more than 1,500 researchers (i.e., qualrs-l@listserv.uga.edu). Interestingly, using the keywords "qualitative research" and "sampling", as well as "qualitative research" and "sample size," in searching the ERIC (i.e., Educational Resource Information Center) and PsycINFO databases, yielded only four journal articles (i.e., Crowley, 1994/1995; Jones, 2002; Merriam, 1995; Sandelowski, 1995) that discussed the issue of sampling and/or sample size in qualitative research. Thus, it is evident that the concept of sample size in relation to qualitative research has not been discussed or considered as a valid addition for qualitative researchers.

While quantitative researchers use complex mathematical formulae to make sample size considerations, and they promote the use of random sampling (even though the overwhelming majority of studies utilize non-random samples), sample size considerations in qualitative studies are neither mathematical nor systematic. Rather, they involve making a series of decisions not only about how many individuals to include in a study and how to select these individuals, but also about the conditions under which this selection will take place. These decisions are extremely important and, as stated by Curtis, Gesler, Smith, and Washburn (2000), "It seems essential to be explicit about these [decisions], rather than leaving them hidden, and to consider the implications of the choice for the way that the ... study can be interpreted" (p. 1012).

Several reasons have been given by these proponents to support their claims that sampling and sample size considerations are not relevant in qualitative research. In particular, some researchers associate sampling and/or sample size considerations with...

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