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...the fish stock after maturation. Brine shrimp are capable of transporting microbes into the fish stock. In order to eliminate the detrimental effects of infections from this process we ran a series of mortality tests by applying ozone to the brine shrimp. The time du-rations of ozone ranged from 5 minutes to 24 hours. A second set of experiments expose the brine shrimp directly with ozone over their life cycle (2 months). Our results demonstrate that ozone can be applied directly to the brine shrimp increasing their survivability.
Key words: brine shrimp, ozone, aquaculture.
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INTRODUCTION
Ozone ([O.sub.3]) is a strong oxidizing agent that is produced commercially by corona discharge systems from oxygen (1, 2). Ozone, which is a gas with a pungent odor, is widely used for different water treatment applications such as the reduction of color, degradation of organic pollutants, increase in dissolved oxygen levels and the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate. In the gas phase, ozone can be lethal at high concentrations to humans and animals. When bubbled through water, the polar molecule has a maximum solubility in the 3-5 parts per million range, depending on water temperature and ionic strength.
Ozone is unstable and decomposes slowly (minutes) at ambient temperatures and rapidly (< 1 sec) at higher temperatures. Because of this instability, it must be manufactured on-site for industrial applications. Current ozone production is carried out by several techniques. One approach utilizes electrochemical techniques. These systems suffer from high electrical consumption and the cells produce chemicals that can be toxic or difficult to dispose. The second general area involves the use of high-energy methods such as UV light, beta rays, and lasers to convert the oxygen to ozone but these means of converting oxygen to ozone have found no large-scale commercial application. The third general approach utilizes electrical discharges or plasmas. In this approach, pure oxygen or air in the gas phase is passed through an electric field generated by putting a high voltage across an anode and a cathode. These systems typically suffer from high electrical consumption and relatively low conversion efficiency (1-15%) of oxygen to ozone.
Like fluorine, chlorine, and hydrogen peroxide, ozone is a strong oxidizing agent.
[O.sub.2] + 4[H.sub.3][O.sup.+] + 4[e.sup.-] [right arrow] 6[H.sub.2]O E[degrees] = +1.23 V [1]
[Cl.sub.2] + 2[e.sup.-] [right arrow] 2[Cl.sup.-] E[degrees] =...
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