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...kadin-erkek goreli bir esitlik saglanmissa da hem kamusal hem de ozel alana bakildiginda kadinlarin toplumsal cinsiyete dayali esitsizliklerle karsi karsiya kaldigi gorulmektedir. Ancak, sorunun gercek anlamda analizlerinin ortaya konulabilmesi icin toplumsal cinsiyet tabanli calismalarin yasamin tum alanlarmda surdurulmesi gerekmektedir. Bu makalede, kadinin statusunu ve saglini etkileyen bazi faktorlerin toplumsal cinsiyet bakis acisi ile incelenmesi amaclanmishr. Turkiye'de kadinin durumunu ve bu durumun sacjhga yansimalarini ortaya koyan bazl gostergeler araahgl ile konu tartisilmishr.
Anahtar Kelimeler: toplumsal cinsiyet, saglik, kadin, Turkiye.
Abstract
In Turkey, gender roles, which are attributed to women, are unquestionably and unperceptively accepted and internalised by the society as well as in other societies. The health status of women is an outcome of women's social status, which is highly determined by gender roles. Although women in Turkey have relatively equal legal rights, they face inequalities in public and private spheres. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the gender-based inequalities in order to understand the problems of women in relation to health. In this paper, factors which determine and influence the status of women and women's health in Turkey, will be examined by a gender perspective. Women's status and its impacts on health are discussed by using some indicators acquired both in Turkey and in other countries.
Key words: gender, health, women, Turkey.
Introduction
The gender based inequalities and discrimination against women influence both the living conditions and health status of women in a negative way. "Health" is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being" by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Fisek, 1988). Every individual has right to good health regardless of language, ethnicity, gender and other differences. However, there are physical, biological, cultural differences and socio-economic inequalities between men and women, which might have depressing implications on the health status of women (Dedeoglu, 1992).
There is a growing interest in the relationship between women's status and its influence on women's life conditions and health during the last decades by the developments and increased sensitivity regarding gender and development issues in the international forum. "The women in development approach" which seeks to integrate women into development processes more actively is also being applied in the area of health. The programs and policies focusing on "maternal and child health" have been important examples for this development. However, the focus on maternal and child health is still problematic since its emphasize has been on women's reproductive health excluding other aspects of women's health.
A "gender" approach was developed to address the inequalities and discrimination, which women face and their underlying causes through a wider analysis of gender roles in order to understand their influences on the status of women. A gender analysis was also integrated in programs on women's health. This approach aims to reveal the relationship between gender based inequalities and discrimination and the disadvantages that women face in health. It also highlights that various situations such as women's educational and social status, reconciliation with their social role, workload, income status, professional risks, participation in the social and activities in development, decision-making roles within the family, attainment to health care services can influence their health problems either directly or indirectly (Sacakhoglu, 1996).
It is quite difficult to assess and abstract gender-based socio-economic inequalities individually through standard and measurable indicators. However, there are two indexes (Gender Based Development Index-GBDI, and Gender Based Participation Criterion-GBPC) through which gender based inequalities, women's status and gender-based discrimination, can be measured. GBDI depends on the data of approximate lifespan, adult literacy and schooling rates of men and women with their participation in employment and income levels. The level of participation in political decisions is assessed by the ratio of seats in the National Assembly and their vocational participation level is measured by their portion in both technical and executive positions. GBPC is calculated by dividing the sum of each of these three related...
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