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Article Excerpt
INTRODUCTION
Some of the songs and much of the instrumental music known to have been loved and performed during the American Civil War, 1861-65, predate the years of the conflict ("Home, Sweet Home," "Lorena," and "Dixie," for example). Even so, the publishing of new works thrived during those four years, and many of those works are clearly associated with events of the war ("We Are Coming, Father Abra'am," "Marching through Georgia," and "All Quiet along the Potomac To-night" are prime examples). (1) A core list of the most recorded of these songs might number fifty or fewer. (2) The sources for the recorded music of various regimental bands and other instrumental ensembles appear to be less "core-oriented," although material from a small number of regimental band books (for example, those of the Twenty-seventh North Carolina) appears with some frequency; instrumental arrangements of songs abound.
This vocal and instrumental repertoire has been recorded frequently over the years since the dawn of commercial recordings and the early availability of various playback machines, such as the Victrola (from 1906). The first recorded examples appeared before the end of the nineteenth century, notably from the studios of Emile Berliner, where the platter or disc format (as opposed to the cylinder) was developed. Both Victor Records and the Columbia Phonograph Company added Civil War songs to their early catalogs. A relatively small number of recordings seem to have survived from the late 1920s, that is, the beginning of the electrical era, up to the introduction of long-playing recordings in the late 1940s. By the time long-playing 33 1/3 rpm (LP) recordings were firmly established in the 1950s, significant advances in recording technology had been made, and bands were beginning to record with Civil War Era brass and percussion, or faithful reproductions of these instruments, in high fidelity. The celebrations of the Civil War Centennial in the 1960s and the National Bicentennial in 1976 seemed to heighten interest in this musical repertoire. Some years later, another big stimulus was provided by the famous nine-episode documentary, The Civil War (1990), directed by Ken Burns. From the soundtrack of The Civil War a new "Civil War tune" was born, in the form of Jay Ungar's "Ashokan Farewell." By the end of the twentieth century, hundreds of recordings had been issued in all the standard commercial formats, especially LPs, cassettes, and compact discs. Many recordings originally on LPs or cassettes were reissued as compact discs.
Well-known popular singers (for example, Burl Ives, Pete Seeger, and Tennessee Ernie Ford), Civil War specialists (Bobby Horton, Wayne Erbsen, and Douglas Jimerson), small groups (the Cumberland Three), large choirs (the Mormon Tabernacle Choir), a number of regimental bands (the Eleventh North Carolina, the Thirty-seventh Georgia, and the Wildcat Regiment Band from Pennsylvania), and professional bands (the Americus Brass Band and the Dodworth Saxhorn Ensemble) issued one or more recordings, typically entitled Songs of the Civil War, Music of the Civil War, or simply The Civil War. There has been a good deal of overlap among the songs and instrumental pieces represented in these recordings, but also much variety in interpretation and arrangement.
Some recordings deal exclusively with pieces associated with the North or the South, and some are paired (for example, The Confederacy [AK 47123] and The Union [AK 47124] in the Columbia Records Legacy Series). Many bring together both sides, since it is difficult to determine in some cases which side has the priority.
The following chronological sections briefly describe recordings considered important or exemplary in the history of the recorded music of the Civil War Era. Civil War music available through the Internet (involving MP3 or WAV files, for example), of which there is a great deal, has been considered outside the scope of this study.
ACOUSTIC ERA (1890s-1925)
In the late 1890s, the New York and Philadelphia studios known as E. Berliner's Gramophone issued several commercial recordings of songs still regarded as Civil War staples; these included "Marching through Georgia" (E. Berliner's Gramophone 060), "Just Before the Battle, Mother" (1649 Z), "Tenting on the Old Campground" (960 Z), "When Johny [sic] Comes Marching Home" (177 YY), "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp" (157 Y), and, the perennial favorite, "Home, Sweet Home" (337 X). Cylinders of "Just Before the Battle, Mother" were issued by both Edison's National Phonograph Company (National Phonograph Co. 5001) and the Columbia Phonograph Company (Columbia Phonograph Co. 4563). The latter company also issued a cylinder of "Marching through Georgia" (1638). The National Phonograph Company brought out in 1899 a cylinder of "The Battle of Manassas" (National Phonograph Co. 663), performed by the Edison Symphony Orchestra in less than three minutes. After the turn of the century, celluloid cylinders more or less superseded the more fragile wax cylinders. "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!" appears in a reissued recording entitled The Pink Lambert: A Collection of the First Celluloid Cylinders. (3) Polk Miller and his Old South Quartette performed the "Bonny Blue Flag" (Edison, Blue Amberol 2175), issued in November of 1909. (4) Recently, Mark Best of Chesterfield, Virginia, has produced a compact disc of some turn-of-the-century originals entitled Songs of the Civil War (Old Time Victrola Music, no cat. no.). (5) Included, for example, is a performance of "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again" by Amparito Farrar and the Peerless Quartet, originally issued by Columbia (A-2716) in February of 1919. (6)
ELECTRICAL ERA: PRE-LP (1925-48)
Burl Ives, very well known in the mid-twentieth century as a folk singer and actor, is featured in a five-disc 78 rpm set issued by Encyclopaedia Britannica Films in 1950, entitled Songs of North and South (Encyclopaedia Britannica Films B1-321-B1-330) and included in the series Historical America in Song (Album 3). Frank Luther and Zora Layman are the vocalists for Songs of the South in the War Between the States (18611865) (Decca 2421, 2422, 2423, 2424) and its counterpart, Songs of the North in the War Between the States, 1861-1865 (Decca 2425, 2426, 2427, 2428), both four-disc 78 rpm sets issued in the 1930s. (7) Only a few...
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