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...and control logic had to be manually coded into the application. This was an error-prone, laborious process that not surprisingly led to these applications acquiring a well-deserved reputation for complexity.
To address this complexity IBM pioneered and nurtured a category of software originally called transaction processing monitors but now called application servers. These products provided systems support for simplifying the development and management of transactional applications. Due to the complexity and cost of early transactional applications, transaction processing monitors were affordable only for the largest classes...
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