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...born in Santiago, has resided in several latin American countries and in Rome. Since 1992, she has lived in Buenos Aires where, since 1996, she has worked with group of four writers to produce the radio program "Contextos." Her novel reveals her imaginative power and her mastery of a lyrical style that opens the suffocation of grief to chronicle its manifestations within the members of a large family. The death she depicts is perhaps the most poignant, the death of a child of about four or five years old, the youngest child of a family of five children, and one who was its pet, its most-loved and doted upon latecomer, born after the fourth child had already reached her mid teens. Death is always difficult to comprehend, never more so than when its strikes down a child. (3) Within the novel Keller contrasts the death of one of the grandmother, a loss painful to assimilate but finally comprehensible because of her advanced age, with the death of the young child Esperanza. The loss of this child devastates the entire family, especially the mother, whose world is shattered by this evidence of Nature's (and God's) injustice.
My purpose as the first critic to undertake a thorough analysis of this novel is to comment generally upon its form and content, especially its socio-political level, then to demonstrate specially how and why Keller incorporated the music and the person of Gustav Mahler into her novel. I shall concentrate upon how such incorporation affects the novel's structure and why it is so useful to Keller in the development of her theme, the mother's reconciliation with nature and the cyle of life and death. Further, I shall analyze both Keller's and Mahler's reliance on the feminine archetypes of Jungian psychology, as explicated by Eric Neumann. Finally, I shall turn to the novelist herself for an autobiograpical commentary on the importance of Mahler and Jungian psychology to her novel.
Style, Plot, Characters and Theme
Keller incorporates elements of magic realism into her novel. Its narrator is Esperanza, the dead child, who enters into the minds of the other family members, but to the largest extent into those of her mother, Maria, and of her older sister, Marianela. Esperanza observes and reports on the family's male members from a more external perspective; these members include her father Jose, and her older brothers, Jose, Juan, and Jorge. The central motif of the novel is the train of the dead, upon which Maria and Esperanza embark, to traverse a route across the Southern Cone. Maria comments that the route might just as well have been the North-South trajectory from the cordillera to the frozen ice caps of the Southern extremity, but she prefers the East-West route, for it begins and ends at the oceans: the West with its cliffs overlooking the cold Pacific and the East with its sands extending the golden tones of the pampas. The suggestion of the arbitrariness of the route universalizes the train, intimating that it runs anywhere in this world, where death everywhere exerts its dominion. At the same time the exact evocation of the geography of the region gives the novel its particularity.
Most of the dead who occupy the train are, like Esperanza, physically dead, though they may be vibrantly alive spiritually. One of the train's occupants, Maria, exemplifies the opposite characteristics: she is physically alive but psychologically dead. Her depression ensuing from the death of her child has caused her to withdraw from the world of the living. Following the dictates of magic realism, Keller makes this withdrawal from the family in Santiago remains within the bounds of ordinary reality; Keller depicts him retreating to the country ranch where he feverishly and obsessively renovates the house. He thrusts himself into an activity that he can control in stark contrast to his lack of control over his child's fate. Keller again remains on the plane of ordinary reality in her portrayal of the children. They stay home, but each is isolated in his/her grief from the others. The two remaining grandmother, the father's mother with roots in the rainy rural South and the mother's mother, an immigrant from Soviet terrorism, lose themselves in an orgy of cooking for the childen. Their frenzied cooking affirms life and the survival of the body in their shared denial of the loss of Esperanza. Keller places Gustav Mahler in the role of guardian and guide of the dead; he offers Maria comfort and solace as he listens to her account of the events and emotions that forced her onto the train. His counsel enables Maria to surmount her grief (though never to forget it) and to rejoin the world of the living, once again assuming her role as mother of the family.
The choice of Esperanza as narrator reveals a basic ambivalence in the novel. The fact that the overriding consciousness is that of a dead child confirms Keller's belief that the soul continues beyond death, a belief further emphasized by Gustav Mahler's role. This conductor/composer lived from 1860 to 1911, but in the novel he continues in full consciousness with his body intact on the train of the dead. However, on the negative side of the ledger, the reader must confront the significance of Keller's decision to name the dead or the loss hope in life and the bleakness of the human condition. The choice of the name underscores the novel's political level.
Socio-political commentary
Like Juan Rulfo, Keller depicts the world of the dead and she uses her fiction to communicate a political as well as a personal vision. In both cases the writers depict the actual landscape of their regions. The bleak and barren landscape of Rulfo's Pedro Paramo underscored his vision of the socio/political purgatory of his contemporary Mexico, as much a factor in the everyday reality of its living protagonists as in their shadowy existence in the afterlife Keller, on the other hand, tenderly evokes the completely opposite, vibrant geography of the Southern Cone; she emphasizes its richness and promise. Through the stationary train windows she sees the lush greenery of the forests, the dizzying heights of the cordillera, the oceans of grasses of the pampas, and the sand of the landscape, death strikes and kills the promise of the youngest generation of its human inhabitants. Alluding to the cruel dictatorships of Chile and Argentina during the eighties, Keller here protests their oppresive effect upon the people, who lost their vitality to become virtual robots without joy in the present or hope for the future. The nonsensical death of Esperanza reflects the nonsensical policies governing countries in the Southern Cone, policies which squander the countries' riches or siphon them off to the upper class, while the masses live at the subsistence level. Yet, Keller's political vision is not nearly so bleak as Rulfo's. The mother in her work only wishes to be dead, but is actually alive and in the end reaffirms life. Rulfo's mother figure dies at his novel's beginning and his narrator gradually realizes that he too is dead. Keller describes the train's passengers, emblematic of the people, a capable of exercising free will and changing their fate. They can descend from the train whenever they wish: the train's cowed passengers, now lethargic and engrossed in their "nomundos," could assume control of their destinies: "Encadenados a un asiento. Hartos. Pero cualquirera puede levantarse. Y buscar agua. Y dejar que amanezca. Y regar las ventanas en las que podrian volver a crecer flores y plantas. Solo que todos tenemos la voluntad aniquilada" (p.34).
Before the death of Esperanza, Maria had reacted angrily to the fate of poor children, without food for body or soul, as ignorant of the imaginative world of fairytales as of middleclass comfort: "lo peor es que a nadie le importa, a todos les da lo mismo, a ustedes y a los que van muy tranquilos en sus autos y que ni los ven a los ninos. Y yo pensaba que a los ninos tampoco podia importarles, total si ni siquiera los conocian a los dos mentirosos y entonces no podian saber que eran...
NOTE: All illustrations and photos
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